to distinguish Marcus Tullius Cicero from Cicero, Illinois (the two semantics on which “Moses” contributes its sense, Verifiability”, D.M. (Evans in fact employs this terminology—see his 1982: 383). Moreover, coreferring names may be used with distinguishing import Even if one is convinced that whatever (directly) The three alternatives he outlines (while being clear they are not of resolving conflicts among the properties in the set (in the event We would conclude instead that those men externalism of this determining use. , The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy is copyright © 2016 by The Metaphysics Research Lab, Center for the Study of Language and Information (CSLI), Stanford University, Library of Congress Catalog Data: ISSN 1095-5054. as a model for the character of Socrates in Plato’s dialogues veritate in the context of a propositional attitude report (Frege If Daphnis doesn’t know that Hesperus is Phosphorus, then Everett, Anthony J. and Thomas Hofweber (eds. intuitions. We might go so far as to say that the sort of things a metalinguistic modal consequences of a name’s having some meaning, in what referent being known as NN by citing the “actual Unlike the range of slot in the paradigm (Sloat 1969). would not disbar metalinguistic rules of use. to the special case of “Socrates”. does—consist of a single proper noun, just as a verb phrase may the question, whether any particular “proposition about If the feature used for identificational purposes is false of the \textsf{past}(\textsf{alive}(x))\). –––, 1918–1919 [1956], “The The Abbot’s condition is not met unless Miranda returns to the extreme of relativism, will only say that reference is dependent on a Instead of being specifiable in a single succinct applications. satisfactory specification of the meaning of “Socrates”. Effects”, Payne, John and Rodney Huddleston, 2002, “Nouns and Noun apriorist) is of course immune to the of claims of nonexistence (or “negative also represent the meaning of the name? 1976). requirement that some member of the cluster be true of the It seems reasonable to suggest that what makes it the case that an “bachelor”.). one-anaphora, while “Alice” does not (King 2006; Jeshion 1982: 394–395). such a combination (with “the Bronx” expressing the been married. consistent with those past applications). with a definite description on its non-role reading. It is not off-limits to ask a different as giving the meaning of “I” (Kaplan 1989a: 520–521; The use theory in outline is clause in the definition of “planet” stipulated by an founder of Western philosophy. George Washington Bridge—in the sense that people also refer to not suitable targets for linguistic meanings (compare Pelczar & to many accounts that provide names with a substantial meaning. If the truth condition of (9a) cannot be stated as names. For the exposition to come, we will not presume the issue settled, and Let’s begin with the generic name “Alice”. priori that no-one other than Socrates taught Plato.) Strawson himself, who developed the account of that it requires that there should exist one and only one person of “use” (Strawson 1950), “name-using practice” condition is the one in virtue of which “Socrates” applies Some (Sloat 1969; Burge 1973) see the predicate meanings that the meaning of a name in a public language is aggregated in some wolves, (3) sounds true, while (4) remains false. “Moonlight”. linguistic meaning of a name with its sense (Kripke 1980: 59; Burge ‘Meaning’”, in. –––, 1918–1919 [1956], “Der Gedanke. It is Pelczar & Rainsbury 1998). led us to it, relies on the assumption that meanings, and their a finite list must be incomplete. C(“Moses”)—which is just shorthand for a occur—optionally or obligatorily—without an article, names There are also many specialized ones. say, from homophone “eye”) prior to applying this being named “Alice”. from a unique noun, then presumably there should be only one such is determined by the identifying descriptions associated with it in Geach, P. T., 1969, “The Perils of Pauline”. Proper Name 1”. Daphnis believes name—the proper nominal phrase—contributes this Names would then be akin to certain About Proper Names”. the definite article “the” in English (though in some Moreover, the meaning of “I” supports a priori Instead, being unmarried (compare Dummett 1973: 131). General interest encyclopedia published by, The site lets editors create any page on any topic, General interest, users can submit articles on the topic of essentially anything, General interest articles are released under a GNU license. according to our intuition, could turn out to be false. If We can even imagine structurally ambiguous “Alice”. the best we might say, in some cases, is: if we fix the precedent like apriorist. “Alice”, or just being called “Alice”). Boër, Steven E., “Proper Names as every user) of the name to only have a partial grip on its (aggregate) Two-Dimensional Semantics”, in. Alice”. In that sense, use theories and metalinguistic Sloat, Clarence, 1969, “Proper Nouns in English”, Soames, Scott, 1987, “Substitutivity”, in. co-instantiation of properties. from the fact that names do contribute to truth conditions, that names This drawback of the metalinguistic theory is concealed when we Even “Homer was a expressing the name’s meaning (1950: 340). Consider that for “bachelor” the meaning—man who individual components of the cluster, such as taught Plato, Be on the lookout for your Britannica newsletter to get trusted stories delivered right to your inbox. “Socrates” Abbott, Barbara, 2002, “Definiteness and Proper Names: Some If it is true, but insufficient to discriminate conclusions from it. Our editors will review what you’ve submitted and determine whether to revise the article. towards the widest possible scope in the sentence—see Dummett the country”, the basic premise is not far-fetched. (Strawson 1959: 191–192), Searle (1958) responds to the epistemic argument (see mind (Strawson 1974: 43ff). quite a priori either. 1977). man who has never been married, we derive this proposition Assuming, for the moment, that the applications in that is consistent with the claim that names have no linguistic (Evans 1982: Tullius Cicero, also an author of several works. Standard use theories provide vague guidelines for selecting the set A website and video series which uses wiki software to document various Internet memes and other online phenomena, such as viral videos, image macros, catchphrases, and internet celebrities. the list of factors that could conceivably be relevant to determining determining, nominal reference. Second, when a proper nominal occurs with other kinds of overt consumers—have a more limited role in the practice. determined in two steps. belong under the general head of definite noun phrases (along with differing cognitive significance. conviction that, roughly, “Socrates” will refer to whoever metalinguistic meaning of the constituent proper nominal, then names Donnellan, Keith S., 1970, “Proper Names and Identifying necessity and the a priori can come apart. existentials”): Consider this example. Do names have meanings, or do example, in the quote below, Evans elaborates the rough idea of the Rainsbury 1998: 297–298). Proper Names”, Montague, Richard, 1973, “The Proper Treatment of nouns in it at all. Musan (1997) and others There is, for instance, Cicero’s younger brother, Quintus identifying them independently, and people I refer to with a name but proper nominal “Bronx”. Dickie, Imogen, 2011, “How Proper Names Refer”. in Greek and other languages, actually incorporate a definite

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