© HistoryOnTheNet 2000-2019. In addition, at least five million civilians died from dise… A sealed train passed through Germany during the night of 10 to 11 April, with the conspirators hidden on board, and within a few months the policy appeared to be crowned with spectacular success. At the 11th hour on the 11th day of the 11th month of 1918, the Great War ends. 1195 passengers, including 128 Americans, lost their lives. By 1925 the way was certainly open for a peaceful renegotiation of the peace settlement, but Adolf Hitler - who by this time was exploiting the economic, social and political crises of the Weimar Republic on his way to becoming chancellor in January 1933 - had an insatiable desire for conquest that could not be sated by such means. Site created in November 2000. A member of the Irish Fusiliers on the Western Front, 1917 The proposals exceeded the worst fears of the direst of pessimists. The end was near. Russia lost about one million square kilometers, and 50 million inhabitants, in a treaty negotiated on the theoretical basis of a peace without annexations and reparations. Ukraine became a theoretically independent state under German military occupation. Kaiser Wilhelm II abdicated on November 9th 1918. The campaign for unrestricted submarine warfare in 1917 had been a bitter disappointment and now the 'Great Battle in France' had ground to a halt and the Allies were pushing relentlessly forward in the last one hundred days of the war. But the treaty also caused a number of serious problems. The Saar, on the borders of France, was to be placed under the League of Nations for 15 years, the left bank of the Rhine permanently demilitarised, the entire Rhineland occupied for up to 15 years. The First World War left nine million soldiers dead and 21 million wounded, with Germany, Russia, Austria-Hungary, France, and Great Britain each losing nearly a million or more lives. Contrary to Marxist mythology, the First World War ended not through mutiny or popular uprising, but through decisive military defeat. On I October Ludendorff told a group of senior officers: 'We shall now see these gentlemen enter various ministries. By entering your details, you are agreeing to HistoryExtra terms and conditions. By 1918 there were strikes and demonstrations in Berlin and other cities protesting about the effects of the war on the population. The British naval blockade of German ports meant that thousands of people were starving. By October many soldiers had had enough, and there were mass desertions. World War I (often abbreviated as WWI or WW1), also known as the First World War or the Great War, was a global war that lasted from 28 July 1914 to 11 November 1918. Faced with total defeat, in November the Germans forced the Kaiser to abdicate and declared a republic, which then asked for an armistice. From the very early months of World War One, the German government had been in touch with exiled Russian revolutionaries, many of them Bolsheviks, in the hopes that they could be used to undermine the Russian war effort against Germany. On April 3rd 1917, Wilson made a speech declaring that America would enter the war and restore peace to Europe. Germany's colonial empire was to be dissolved, as the Weimar Republic took shape. These forces were badly needed on the Western Front, and the disruption of agriculture due to war and civil war meant that they were able to extract precious little in the way of additional foodstuffs from the former Russian Empire to overcome the shortages at home. The lengthy deliberations seriously disrupted planning for the German spring offensive that was to begin on 21 March 1918. Socialists were waiting for the chance to seize Germany as they had in Russia. The peace conference that led to the Treaty of Versailles began its deliberations in Paris in January 1919. Kaiser Wilhelm abdicated and the armistice was signed on 9 November to go into effect at the eleventh hour of the eleventh day of the eleventh month. On 8 August, at Amiens, Haig inflicted a devastating defeat on the Germans – German general Erich Ludendorff called it the ‘Black Day of the German Army’.

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