Catania airport said later that the airspace had been reopened to allow four planes to land per hour, before confirming it would return to normal operation by 20:00 local time (19:00 GMT). [104] A westward expansion of Catania was no longer possible over the terrain covered by lava. Volcanic ash covered nearby villages, while planes into Catania airport had to be halted temporarily. At 3,300 meters (10,826 feet), Etna is the largest active volcano in Europe. [55] Francesco d'Arezzo melted the rocks erupted in 1669 to obtain information about their nature. [13] Huge boulders were ejected to distances of several kilometers. Italy's INGV volcanology institute said that during a three-hour period from 08:50 (07:50 GMT) on Monday more than 130 earthquakes took place. Privacy Policy | [98], Several towns were rebuilt in different locations[16] and under different names. [27], The explosive stages of the 1669 eruption produced 0.066 km3 (0.016 cu mi) of pyroclastics[13] and have been classified as category 2–3 on the Volcanic Explosivity Index, making it one of the most intense eruptions of Etna. [97] Inhabitation patterns and thus the economic development of the southeastern flank of Etna were influenced by the eruption for centuries. [98] Its city walls were rendered ineffective by the lava flow, which provided a natural obstacle. [12] Records range from administrative documents that were part of the crisis management and the post-crisis management over memoirs to eyewitness reports. [102], Unlike earthquakes, lava flows cause long-lasting damage to land; even a century later the land covered by the lava from the 1669 eruption was barren and today only limited agricultural activity is possible. [1] An alternative reconstruction of events envisages the development of several fissure segments between 950–700 m (3,120–2,300 ft) elevation, most of which underwent brief explosive and effusive eruptions. The height of the plume at the moment is up to FL140 [14,000 feet] and seems to be composed mainly by steam. In March a UK-led team said that the whole structure of Europe's premier volcano was edging towards the sea at a rate of 14mm per year. If you live near one of these volcanos, move! The Mount Etna observatory said lava had spewed from a new fracture near its south-eastern crater. New fortifications were built in 1676 on the lava flow[100] and in sections that were unprotected after the eruption. [6] During the two months before the 1669 eruption, the output of gas and steam from Etna's summit craters had been higher than usual. [76] Such caves form when lava flows develop a crust and drain out, leaving an empty space under the crust that forms the cave. A batch of new, more mafic magma that was more buoyant than the residing magma penetrated and traversed the magmatic system, and reached the surface. [109] Reports of eruptions at Etna became more complete and detailed. (04.07.2019), © 2020 Deutsche Welle | [57], Eruptions of Etna were interpreted as the consequence of divine wrath and suffering being inflicted on the sinful people. Camporotondo, La Guardia, Belpasso/Malpasso, Mascalucia, Mister Bianco, Nicolosi, Monpilieri, San Pietro, San Giovanni de Gelermo and others. [1] The eruption lasted 122 days, making it one of the longest in the history of Etna. Arrivals and departures can be subjected to delays but the traffic will be normalized. There are no known fatalities of the 1669 eruption but many towns, parts of Catania and farmland were destroyed by the lava flow and the earthquakes that accompanied the eruption. [51][58] Some sources suggest the veil of St. Agatha spared the city from total destruction. [3] The population of the region declined after the eruption. A huge plume of smoke could be seen over the island afterwards. [74], The about-200-metre (660 ft)-high and about 1-kilometre (0.62 mi) wide Monti Rossi [it] scoria cone was formed by the 1669 eruption. [99] A new port and a new neighborhood were built in Catania. [1] The next day at 10:00 an explosive eruption occurred at the summit,[33] and an "immensely high" eruption column rose over the volcano. [12] The 1669 eruption has been defined as the starting point of a century-long cycle of activity that continues to this day[73] and Etna's volcanic products are subdivided into pre-1669 and post-1669 formations in Italy's geological map. [10], Seismic activity at Mount Etna began on 25 February 1669[11][1] and increased over the next two weeks. [1] No caldera collapse took place on the volcano but landslides affected the summit crater. [50] News of the eruption spread to France, Portugal, London, Ireland, and Scotland, where government news pamphlets about the eruption were published. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. [19] At 18:30, the main vent became active and lava began to flow from the second fissure[12] from east of the Monte Salazara cone,[1] close to Nicolosi,[20] at 800–850 m (2,620–2,790 ft) elevation[12] in Etna's southern rift zone. Later on Monday, a magnitude-4.3 tremor was also recorded by officials - the strongest felt throughout the day. La Repubblica newspaper said a Ryanair flight from Rome was diverted to Palermo on Friday night, while several flights were delayed from landing or taking off on Saturday. Eurocontrol in Brussels says: “An eruption of volcano Etna has started. Etna: A brief report", "Note illustrative della carta geomorfologica d'Italia alla scala 1:50.000 foglio 624 MONTE ETNA", "Carta Geologica del vulcano Etna 2. According to new reports, Mount Etna – an active and mercurial volcano in Sicily – has produced a fresh eruption from a brand-new fissure. Mount Etna lies on the coast of Sicily, a large island in the Ionian Sea. Including the Amenano River that flows through Catania, Francisco Fernández de la Cueva, 10th Duke of Alburquerque, "La grande eruzione dell'Etna del 1669 tra vulcanologia e storia", "SCIARA: cellular automata lava flow modelling and applications in hazard prediction and mitigation", "Identifying volcanic regimes using Hidden Markov Models", "Carta Geologica del vulcano Etna 4. The last major eruption was in 1992. According to the INGV, the lava was spurting from one of the craters on the volcano's desert-like southeastern face, and then traveling around 1.5 kilometers (1 mile) down a barren escarpment called the Valle del Bove (Ox Valley). Later settlement and human modification has rendered the borders of the lava field unrecognizable in many parts. Although Etna has seen frequent eruptions, the INGV said in August that the volcano had grown faster than ever before in recent years. [43] Large parts of the population of Catania[48] and 27,000 peasants were left homeless. Later reviews of the eruption were written by the British diplomat Sir William Hamilton (1730–1803). [45] Even after the eruption ended, the lava flows were still hot enough to boil water for many months and it reportedly took eight years for the lava to cool. [103][98] As a consequence of this and other eruptions, about 13% of cultivable land south of Etna and below 1,000 m (3,300 ft) elevation was lost in the 17th century. 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[50], When the eruption began to destroy settlements and land north of Catania, the people fled to the city. THE Etna volcano, the largest active volcano in Europe, erupted on Sunday causing lava to flow as well as large and thick columns of smoke to arise that could be seen from 30 kilometres away, from the Sicilian city of Catania. We use cookies to improve our service for you. [38] The 1669 eruption is the only historical eruption that impacted the urban area of Catania; other lava flows in the city are of prehistoric age and the presence of lava from the AD 252 eruption has been ruled out. [16], After midnight on 11 March, the first fissure opened up on Etna[1] between the Monte Frumento Supino cinder cone[17] and Piano San Leo. This cone was named "Mount of Ruin" after the eruption[75][1] and was then renamed Monti Rossi (Red Mountains), either to cancel the memory of the destructive eruption[13] or after its color. Contact [71][112], The lava flows of 1669 contain up to 18% bubbles, a large proportion and considerably more than expected from lava flows on the surface that might explain the fluidity of the flows that maintained pahoehoe morphology 16 km (9.9 mi) from the vents. [112] It appears that prior to the 1669 eruption, a batch of more acidic magma was residing underneath Etna. [63], The 1669 eruption is considered to be the most important historical flank eruption of Etna. [12] It reached its zenith during the night of 10 and 11 March when earthquakes destroyed Nicolosi. This effort worked initially until 500 inhabitants of Paternò put a stop to it because their town was threatened by the redirected lava flow.

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